41 Cold War Sentinels: USS John Marshall SSBN-611

The Cold War was a strange kind of war. It was fought with maps, speeches, and shadows more than bullets and blood. Yet in those years the world balanced on the edge of nuclear fire. Every night the thought lingered that sirens could wail, missiles could launch, and millions could die in minutes. Against that backdrop the United States built a fleet of forty-one submarines designed to keep the peace by threatening catastrophe. They were called the “41 for Freedom,” a phrase that sounded noble but in reality described one of the most terrifying arsenals ever to slide into the sea. Among them was USS John Marshall (SSBN-611). She was an Ethan Allen-class boat, one of the first submarines built from the keel up to carry ballistic missiles. Her story is unusual even among her sisters. She began life as a Polaris missile boat, prowling the Atlantic and Arctic with a belly full of nuclear warheads. She ended her career not as a missile carrier at all, but as a hybrid, an attack submarine fitted with Dry Deck Shelters to support Navy SEALs and special operations. In her thirty years she served as both deterrent and covert support, a boat that mirrored the changing priorities of the Cold War.

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A Submarine’s View of Carlson’s Raiders, August 1942

 

In August of 1942 the USS Argonaut left Pearl Harbor on a mission unlike any she had ever undertaken. Built as a mine-laying submarine, she was slow, heavy, and awkward in comparison to the fleet boats that now carried the war westward. But her broad hull and ample internal space made her a fit for something no one had tried before. Along with USS Nautilus, Argonaut carried Carlson’s Raiders, two hundred twenty-one Marines with orders to strike Makin Atoll, inflict damage, confuse the enemy, and get back out alive. It was the first time the Navy would send a submarine into battle not just as a hunter of ships, but as a troop transport. For Argonaut’s crew, used to torpedoes and patrols, this felt like stepping into a different kind of war.

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